THE ORIGIN & HISTORY OF THE KUNEKUNE PIG
By AKKPS Member Debra Allen of Allen's Acres
John Simister
In 1945 an article in the Journal of Agriculture by J W Peirson, speculated that KuneKunes originated in China. These pigs are black and white and are a breed that exhibits chin tassels or wattles. The name “jyu” or “zhu” and colours of the pigs also correspond with this Asian ancestor. It seems probable that Kunes are descendants of the Asian breeds and came to New Zealand through trading between the Maori and American and European whalers in New Zealand in the mid 1800s.
G F Angus’s unpublished paper on the origins, genetics and release into New Zealand of the KuneKune and Captain Cooker pigs states that pigs were introduced by Spanish explorers and later domesticated by the European whalers and sealers who followed.
From the 1790s onwards New Zealand was visited by many American and European sealers, whalers, and explorers. Some of them tried to make pig breeding colonies on the small off shore islands of New Zealand so they would have food if they needed it, particularly for castaways and victims of shipwreck.
Later pigs were traded with the Maori. American whalers at Russell swapped their tobacco and muskets for pigs and kumara from the Maoris. The Maori greatly valued pigs, and helped to spread them throughout New Zealand by giving them as gifts to other tribes and keeping them in semi-wild herds, which many escaped from and became feral.
Kunekune pigs were prized by the Māori for their docile nature, meat, and fat. The word "KuneKune" is Māori for "fat and round". And the fleshy protuberances hanging from their jaws were called “piri piri” (what we now call wattles).
Considered semi-domesticated, the pigs were not kept penned in but followed the nomadic Maori, probably because of availability of food scraps. They were kept almost exclusively by Māori communities and were largely unknown to Europeans as time passed. Traditionally kept for their meat by Māori, kunekune flesh was packed in kelp bags and preserved in the pigs’ rendered fat.
Following the steady arrival of European settlers in New Zealand, the KuneKune population began to plunge. Many of the Maori tribes that had before relied on the pigs for meat and fat were turning to European ways of feeding themselves instead, and the kune population subsequently decreased. Until recently, the few remaining specimens lived on small farms in Te Kuiti and the Waharoa district in Northland.
(Reference: a book written by Michael Willis, published by Whitcoulls in 1982, “Some of My Best Friends Are Animals”.)
Having arrived in New Zealand from England in 1967, John Simister had never heard of the species when he saw a pair of them at Hilldale Game Farm, now known as Hamilton Zoo in the mid-1970s. Wanting some for himself, Hilldale staff couldn't say where he could find more. The pair at the park were past breeding age. Attempts to research the pig turned up next to nothing and it quickly became apparent they were not common.
“If Walt Disney was to draw a caricature of a pig I imagine him drawing something like a kune. It’s just a larger than life, lovely little animal,” says Staglands Wildlife Reserve founder John Simister.
He called on Michael Willis, founder of Christchurch’s Willowbank Wildlife Reserve, who has since been involved in the conservation of other rare breeds. At that time he’d never heard of the pigs either. After organizing a couple of leads to chase, the pair struck out in 1978 to see if KuneKune were still out there.
Simister says they went from “Harry on the West Coast to Fred on the East Coast, and they all sort of remembered kunes but... hadn’t seen them for ages”. “There was always someone up the road who they thought would be able to help, so we just kept looking and driving and finally found a few.” The pigs were found in isolated areas where there were populations of Māori. It was the tangata whenua in the backblocks of places like Taranaki, King Country and Waikato who turned out to be the greatest source of information.
Willis agrees, saying, “Europeans didn’t know about them. You could call in and see a pig farmer, and he wouldn’t have a clue what you were talking about. Call in at a country pub to talk to some Māori shearers, and they knew about them”.
“It was getting the trust of Māori and listening to what they had to say. They’d say they didn’t have any for sale, but we’d spend some time having cups of tea and even work with them, and on they way out they might give us one or two.”
Therefore, he searched and searched for the New Zealand pigs called KuneKunes with extraordinarily little success. Likewise, his first break came with a phone call from a guy named Weasel, saying he had purchased a pair for him for $3.00 each. On the other hand, when he arrived, the only resemblance to KuneKunes was their wattles. One had 2 wattles and one had 1 wattle. Finally, he took them so as not to hurt the man’s feelings.
After that, the next stop was at Charlie Marshall’s, and he had more from the same litter as Weasel. Michael and John both bought 2 pigs each for $10 for the two. In fact, some were missing wattles, some had wattles, and some only had 1 wattle.
At the same time, the next help came from Timi Kereopa, known as Kelly. After many stops at many Māori homes, finally they found some KuneKunes. The family told him they were down at the riverbed and if they could catch them, they could help themselves. However, they found a sow with about ten piglets of various ages. Indeed, they were able to gather some up, but the book does not mention how many they got. It is important to note, they do mention they suspect they are not purebred.
Also, at the next stop, they were extremely pleased when they found two New Zealand pigs, KuneKunes, that looked just like the description he had originally been told. The Māori people they met would not accept payment for them but generously gave them the pigs.
Along with this trip, the next pig would come from a man named Paddy. The boar did not look purebred but was different from the others that they had so far. Then they got a big sow from another gentleman who said she was as close to being a purebred as they came. Later, through several different contacts, they came upon a man named Ru Kotaha who had some KuneKunes with wattles and just as described to him. Furthermore, he gave them a pair after hearing their story about their search for KuneKunes and refused to take money. At this point, they had thirteen pigs.
In fact, another Māori family got a beautiful sow and boar and paid $150 for the pair. Finally, their next stop would take them to John Wilson near Ōtorohanga. A Pākehā trapper, he had spent years collecting kunekune.
John Wilson was nothing like people had described him to be. He had at least thirty KuneKunes running in and out of the bushes. John Wilson had been gathering up purebred New Zealand pigs, KuneKunes, to preserve them over the years. He was upset that they were dying out and that no one was doing anything about it. When he heard the story from Michael and John Simister, he was more than willing to help.
This is where they received the boar, named Kelly. Kelly was a magnificent creature, huge for a Kune and a light gold in color. He was purchased for $50 even though John Wilson did not want to take any money for him. They also got a young black and brown marbled sow about nine months old and a hand-reared gilt about three months
Simister recalls reaching his property.
“It was just a gorgeous sight. There were Kunes running around, and he was feeding them just on the edge of the bush. It was lovely. He let us have three, and those three were the best we had by far, so they really formed the nucleus of Kunes we see everywhere nowadays.”
Now they had 18 pigs! This went down in the history of KuneKune pigs as the beginning of the recovery. They wrote down two lists of the pigs, splitting the sexes and quality. They flipped a coin to see which list they were going to get. From this gathering two breeding programs were started. Hoping to start the basis of some order in the pig’s future, Michael contacted the Pig Breeders Association which would handle the registrations of the kunekunes. At that time, he established 6 sow lines and 3 boar lines.
The original lines that he named for the boars were Willowbank Ru, Willowbank Te Kuiti, and Willowbank Te Whangi. The original sow lines were Willowbank Waitomo, Willowbank Kereopa, Willowbank Awakino, Willowbank Marokopa, Willowbank Kopu, and Willowbank Tammerdale.
John Simister You Tube video link:
The Men Who Brought the KuneKune Pig Back From the Brink (click here to watch video)
Staglands Wildlife Reserve You Tube video link:
Staglands Wildlife Reserve & Cafe Animal Sanctuary Wellington for Zoo and Wildlife
KuneKunes arrived in Britain in 1992 Zoe Lindop and Andrew Calveley had worked in New Zealand for several years and were charmed by Kunekune. After meeting Michael Willis, and learning how endangered these little pigs were they decided to import a small group to breed in Britain. As the Kunes only existed in New Zealand it was important to have a population in another country, in case of disease in their home. Michael bred for them a wide range of Kunes, because it was important to have as wide a variation of genetic stock brought into the country as possible.
In 1993 Zoe imported a further two bloodlines, and in 1996 Andy Case imported three more bloodlines into the U.K. Kunekune pigs are now well established in Britain.
In 1993 the British Kunekune Pig Society was set up. As all the original pigs that were imported had full pedigrees it was vitally important to set up a studbook from the start, to register the pigs in this country. To achieve this, and also to promote the breed and look after its welfare the society was started. There are now about five hundred members.
BOAR LINES
12 total, with 1 line that died out.
- Boris (imported from New Zealand in 1995)
- Imported by Katie Rigby
- Tonganui (imported from New Zealand in 1995)
- Imported by Katie Rigby
- Wairua (imported from New Zealand in 1995)
- Few boars recorded and eventually died out
- Andrew (imported in 2005 from the UK)
- Andrew line was given it’s name by New Zealand breeder Pat Leek, when Andy Case of Long Ash Farm imported the first “Andrew” boar into the UK.
- Imported into the US by Lori Enright from the herd of renowned breeder Andy Case
- Traces back to Mahia Love
- 2 new imports by DuckDawg Creek Farm in 2022 from the UK
- Button End DDC Andrew 26
- Button End DDC Andrew 27
- Te Whangi (imported in 2005 from the UK)
- Imported into the US by Lori Enright from the herd of renowned breeder Andy Case
- Original Line
- Mahia Love (imported from NZ in 2010)
- The Mahia Love line was given its name by Lori Enright of The USA Herd, when it arrived to the United States in 2010 from New Zealand.
- Imported into the US by Tule Fog Farm & Lori Enright
- Original Line
- Tutanekai (imported from NZ in 2010)
- Imported into the US by Tule Fog Farm & Lori Enright
- Tuahuru (imported from NZ in 2010)
- Imported into the US by Tule Fog Farm & Lori Enright
- Whakanui (imported from NZ in 2010)
- Imported into the US by Tule Fog Farm & Lori Enright
- Tutaki (imported from the UK in 2010)
- Imported into the US by Sue Drake
- 1 new import by DuckDawg Creek Farm in 2022 from the UK
- Kinecroft DDC Tutaki 23
- Ru (imported from the UK in 2012)
- Imported into the US by Matt Burton & Christopher Rowley
- Original Line
- 1 new import by DuckDawg Creek Farm in 2022 from the UK
- Fenswood DDC Ru
- BH Tutaki (imported from the UK in 2012)
- Imported into the US by Matt Burton & Christopher Rowley
- Original Line Tutaki with improvement by Wendy Scudmore
SOW LINES
16 total, 2 of the lines never had any offspring.
- Rona (imported from NZ in 1995)
- Imported by Katie Rigby
- Wilsons Gina (imported from NZ in 1995)
- Imported by Katie Rigby
- One of the very first lines and used to create other lines
- Jenny (imported from the UK in 2005)
- Imported into the US by Lori Enright from the herd of renowned breeder Andy Case
- Known for strong conformation and excellent mothering abilities.
- 1 new import by DuckDawg Creek Farm in 2022 from the UK
- Knowlhill DDC Jenny 27
- Trish (imported from the UK in 2005)
- Never produced
- Aria Giana (imported from NZ in 2010)
- Imported into the US by Tule Fog Farm & Lori Enright
- Traces back to Wilsons Gina
- Tarutaru (imported from NZ in 2010)
- Imported into the US by Tule Fog Farm & Lori Enright
- Tapeka (imported from NZ in 2010)
- Imported into the US by Tule Fog Farm & Lori Enright
- Momona (imported from NZ in 2010)
- Imported into the US by Tule Fog Farm & Lori Enright
- Fijoa (imported from NZ in 2010)
- Died shortly after being released from quarantine.
- Haunene (imported from NZ in 2010)
- Imported into the US by Tule Fog Farm & Lori Enright
- Rebecca Gina (imported from the UK in 2010)
- Imported into the US by Sue Drake
- Traces back to Wilsons Gina
- 2 new imports by DuckDawg Creek Farm in 2022 from the UK
- Pencommins DDC Rebecca Gina 27
- Pencommins DDC Rebecca Gina 26
- Kereopa (imported from the UK in 2012)
- Imported into the US by Matt Burton & Christopher Rowley
- Small framed, short, and squat pigs
- 1 new import by DuckDawg Creek Farm in 2022 from the UK
- Kinecroft DDC Kereopa 2
- Sally (imported from the UK in 2012)
- Imported into the US by Matt Burton & Christopher Rowley
- Trace back to an original line either or both Waitiomo and Awakino
- 3 new imports by DuckDawg Creek Farm in 2022 from the UK
- Martinsfield DDC Sally 8
- Button End DDC Sally 15
- Button End DDC Sally 16
- Trish (imported from the UK in 2012)
- Trish line is known to have low and questionable fertility. Trish is therefore sought after as an uncommon line in need of preservation.
- Imported into the US by Matt Burton & Christopher Rowley
- Traces back to original lines Awakino and Waitiomo
- 2 new imports by DuckDawg Creek Farm in 2022 from the UK
- Pencommins DDC Trish 8
- Pencommins DDC Trish 7
- Awakino (imported from the UK in 2012)
- Imported into the US by Matt Burton & Christopher Rowley
- Original line
- 2 new imports by DuckDawg Creek Farm in 2022 from the UK
- Crick Lodge Farms DDC Awakino 4
- Crick Lodge Farms DDC Awakino 3
- BH Rebecca Gina (imported from the UK in 2012)
- Imported into the US by Matt Burton & Christopher Rowley
- Improved Rebecca Gina line by UK breeder Wendy Scudmore
- Traces back to Wilsons Gina
